·seismic methods |
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上传时间:2011-04-21 17:36:17 |
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地震学方法及应用 The basic principle of all seismic methods is the controlled generation of
elastic waves by a seismic source in order to obtain an image of the
subsurface. Seismic waves are pulses of strain energy that propagate in solids
and fluids. Seismic energy sources, whether at the Earth’s surface or in
shallow boreholes, produce wave types known as:
body waves, where the energy transport is in all directions, and
surface waves, where the energy travels along or near to the surface.
Two main criteria distinguish these wave types from each other - the
propagation zones and the direction of ground movement relative to the
propagation direction.
Of prime interest in shallow seismics are the two types of body waves:
P-waves (primary, longitudinal or compressional waves) with particle
motion parallel to the direction of propagation, and
S-waves (secondary, shear or transverse waves) with particle motion
perpendicular to the direction of propagation – when particle motion is in
the vertical plane they are referred to as SV-waves, and SH-waves when the
particle motion is in the horizontal plane.
Surface waves, often considered to be a source of noise, contain valuable
information about material properties of the shallow ground. Their use is on
the increase in engineering studies.
The velocity of seismic waves is the most fundamental parameter in
seismic methods. It depends on the elastic properties as well as bulk densities
of the media and varies with mineral content, lithology, porosity, pore fluid
saturation and degree of compaction. P-waves have principally a higher
velocity than S-waves. S-waves cannot propagate in fluids because fluids do
not support shear stress.
During their propagation
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