壳牌:整合技术 实现双赢??访壳牌中国勘探与生产有限公司总裁邓鑫
□ 本刊记者 / 姜娜 译 / 覃珧
来源:《石油与装备》 总第023期
随着人口增长和经济发展,能源需求也在不断增加。据有关机构预测到2050年,世界能源需求总量将达到21世纪初的两倍。过去能够轻易获得的石油,到那时将更难得到,并且越来越难以满足人类的需求。壳牌作为世界最大的
石油勘探和生产企业之一,他们将会采措什么应对措施?
“作为一家大型油气公司,壳牌相信,新的和尖端的技术和方法,是满足我们对更多能源需求所必需的。”壳牌中国勘探与生产有限公司总裁邓鑫在近日接受记者采访时指出。他说:“这主要体现在碳氢化合物技术在三个领域的应用方面??进一步开发现有油田的生产潜力,‘让现在资源高负荷运转’;在环境敏感地区或者条件恶劣地区,例如在北极或深水区域,寻找开发新油源;加大对非传统性碳氢化合物资源的利用,例如沥青砂和油页岩等材料的利用。”
技术整合 实现采收价值最大化
如何利用碳氢化合物技术在不同领域发挥作用呢?也许事实才是最好的回答,邓鑫给记者举了几个实例。
壳牌在全世界范围内极力推广的一种称为“智能油田”的技术。这是壳牌自行开发的一个数字技术,该系统与井下复杂
油气藏环境中的传感器和控制阀相连(如区段控制阀和天然气提升控制阀),通过实时监控实现油田产量的最佳效果。壳牌在文莱Champion西油田通过利用这一技术,最终
采收率上升3%~6%,而开发成本降低了1美元~1.5美元/桶。
在挪威海上Draugen油田项目中,海水深度达200米,条件相当恶劣。在上世纪80年代时,邓鑫曾经参与了它的实地开发工作。“因为这是一个老油田,壳牌利用了4D地震技术(即3D地震技术再加上时间维度)。通过以不同时长为周期向地层发射地震波,
采油工程队在2001年至2004年期间确定的油井不仅实现了防水,并且可以将原来注水法开采遗留下来的储油开采出来。这样,该油田的目标采收率从最初的50%提升到73%。”
较小规模的可膨胀带状隔离装置(Expandable Zonal Isolation Profiler, E-Zip)技术,是壳牌拥有专利的一个低成本典型方案。它可以降低地下水流入油井水平,从而增加高出水油井的产量。E-Zip技术利用壳牌自有专利的遇水膨胀的弹性橡胶,将高出水量油井中的水油隔离,使油井得到了有效防水保护。这种遇水膨胀的弹性橡胶被放入油井之后,一旦遇水就会自动膨胀,从而达到防水隔离的效果。在阿曼Nimr油田,通过应用这一技术,第一生产年度(2005年)的出水量从90%降低到了40%。
“我们所描述的技术应用的真正价值,在于技术整合的全过程。”邓鑫强调,“如果井下传感器和控制器没有和一个完善的技术模型有效结合,如果工作人员对地下情况没有深入全面的了解,也就不能正确认识井下环境,不能对操作过程适时进行合理的调整,那么这些设备的价值就不能发挥出来,采收率最大化也就无从谈起。Draugen油田项目中使用的地震波探测技术,如果不能有效地用于新井定位和设计过程中,其价值就得不到体现,因为那样完成的钻井不能确保进入油气藏的正确区域。”
“壳牌在中国真正能够有所帮助的是整个钻采过程的技术整合,即技术设计应用于整个现场开发过程当中,同时清楚地说明我们需要什么技术,以及在钻采过程中每一个环节之间是如何联系的,这样才能实现最大的价值。”邓鑫说,他们正在中东开发一个极稠油田,它目前的采收率仅为3%左右。过去试图开发的努力效果都不好。现在,通过仔细设计蒸汽注入工艺,他们有效地利用岩石裂隙将气体输送进去,在综合方案的指引下已经进行了正常开采,预计采收率可以上升到30%。”
在提高现有油田的开采水平方面,壳牌通过某些工艺开发老油田,实现采收率的提升。在挪威通过先进的井下成像和模型设计优化钻井位置,在文莱采用智能油田技术,在阿曼利用防水控制等。这些方案中的每一个都要求他们密切结合对油田具体情况的认识,并在开发过程中认真执行。
在过去的25年中,壳牌一直致力于寻找一种有效而又经济的方法,从油田开采现场的油页岩和极稠油砂层中提高油气采收率。在这些条件下的传统开采方法成本很高,并且会对环境造成破坏。壳牌已经开发出了被称作就地转化工艺(In situ Upgrading)的施工方法,它可以在现场将地下油页岩和砂层中的油母质或石油升级为轻质碳氢化合物和天然气亚层。利用这种技术,壳牌从2004年开始就在加拿大进行先导性实验,结果令人振奋,表明采收率可以达到50%以上。邓鑫乐观地说:“这一工作还在继续,进一步完善之后再正式投入使用。”
因需而变 迎接新挑战
邓鑫说,“在环境敏感地区和条件恶劣地区勘探新油田方面,壳牌技术应用最明显的例子就是深水油藏开采。”他指出,壳牌在此领域一直处于世界领先地位,目前已经进入超深水域施工。
远在上世纪80年代,邓鑫在挪威工作时,他们还认为300米-400米水深是具有挑战性的。“但是到2004年时,我们创造了一个新的世界纪录,在Nakika海底
钻井平台项目中,施工深度达到2,300多米。2007年壳牌在美国承建Perdido深水钻探项目。Perdido SPAR钻井平台项目水深达2,500米,成为世界上最深的SPAR钻井生产平台。另外一个海上油气钻探平台是巴西的BC-10海上平台,它的深度虽然只有1.8公里,和Perdido相比要逊色不少。但是BC-10是一个稠油开采平台,该项目正在建设之中,需要利用大量先进技术,才能从很深的地层中将稠油有效而安全地提取出来。”
环境敏感地区和北极等条件恶劣地区,对于壳牌和它的技术来说是另外一个新挑战。壳牌目前最大的海上开发项目是俄罗斯萨卡林油田,该地区海面半年时间都由冰层覆盖。现在壳牌还在阿拉斯加以北的Beufort海勘探。
在非传统碳氢化合物的开发利用方面,非常致密的油气田,例如美国Pinedale(陆上)气田项目,要求利用一整套合理配置的针对此油气田具体特点的技术方案,然后必须严格实施才能降低项目成本,实现产量的最大化。在Pinedale项目中,壳牌在模型基础上,认真设计了一套油井压裂工艺(fracturing technique),针对测量的地下地质结构,利用场内传感器实现压裂优化设计。然后针对不同储油层,壳牌开发了多重压裂施工工艺。最后对选定的工艺进一步优化,钻井时间比开始时降低了50%。
据邓鑫介绍:“在文莱,钻探队面临的问题是油囊或油藏规模太小,所以单独开发从经济上不划算。而且即使从经济上划算,在每个油囊上面架设海上钻探平台所造成的环境影响也是巨大的。壳牌因地制宜,制定的开发方案被称为蛇形井,该油井在地下油囊之间的走向像蛇或龙爬行一样,把油囊连接起来,通过一根生产套管实现多点共产(Co-mingled production)。”
因需而变,壳牌的技术也在不断创新中发展。邓鑫强调说:“壳牌石油是一家石油天然气企业。作为能源企业,该公司重视技术因素的推动作用,通过开发和利用先进技术实现最大采收率(即实现企业的价值最大化),同时最大程度地降低HSE(健康、安全、环境)风险水平及实际发生情况。”
强劲技术支撑 实现合作双赢
对于壳牌而言,技术和设备本身并不意味着其工作的全部。一个服务公司可能拥有一些自有技术,随之向客户推销,并从中获取经济利益。壳牌的不同之处,还在于壳牌对石油工业有着全面而彻底的了解,并在此基础上提供附加价值,为商业伙伴和自身提供油田开发的综合技术方案,使先进技术得到最大程度地利用。
邓鑫告诉记者,对于一个跨国公司,能否获得中国的上游业务合作的机会不是件容易的事情。壳牌通过与中石油在长北的项目合作,证明了与合作伙伴保持紧密的合作关系,同时安全应用和整合技术,他们也能够在中国把上游项目做的非常成功。
在长北气田项目中,壳牌中国勘探与生产有限公司通过对地下地质结构和致密气藏不利开采条件等因素的深入彻底分析,提出了正确的技术方案,即双分支
水平井方案。随后在气井施工过程中,综合考虑了壳牌及其服务公司,和合作方提出的多种方案和技术,如钻井的走向、定位,泥浆系统,
钻头、
钻杆设计等,实现了气井的最大价值和最佳开采水平。到目前为止,长北双分支水平气井的平均产量是该区域普通竖井产量的5倍-10倍。诚然,这些气井的成本确实提高了,但是总体上,它们具有更高的投入产出比,而且因为大幅度地降低了作业范围(最高达10倍),对环境的破坏也降到了最低。
“壳牌具有强大的综合能力,这使壳牌不同于一般的服务公司。”邓鑫进一步解释说:“但这并不意味着壳牌在技术上的缺乏,实际上壳牌具有大量丰富的技术。如壳牌勘探与生产在全世界拥有26,000多项专利,其中11,000项已经获得了正式批准,15,000项正在申请中。在壳牌先进的技术中,还有其它一些技术的应用主要围绕着施工安全展开,例如红外线气体探测和自动关闭系统,虽然这些在世界其他地方很普遍,但是在中国却很少见到。”
把
石油装备技术发展到一个顶峰,并将这些技术完美整合来获得最大化的油气田整体开发价值,壳牌在中国的百年历史表明了对中国的长远承诺;“可持续发展和经营”是壳牌的社会目标;帮助中国安全持续并经济地提供可靠的清洁能源,是壳牌的商业理想。“越是困难,越是要有突破!”壳牌就是以这样的精神不断地开拓创新,以最尖端的技术来勘探能源储备、从开采难度与日俱增的矿藏地点采掘能源并将之输送给消费者,不断地突破自身技术的极限。(本期封面人物为,壳牌中国勘探与生产有限公司总裁邓鑫。)
According the related institution forecast, the world energy demand could be twice that at the turn of this century by 2050. The easy oil of the past will not be sufficient to meet this demand. This will require new technology and approaches to ensure energy demands can be met. Shell, as one of the biggest exploration & production companies, what will it do?
“As a major oil and gas company Shell believes that new and advanced technologies and methods will be required to satisfy our needs for more energy.” The Venture Director of Shell China Exploration & Production Co., Ltd., Mr. Simon Durkin, said recently when interviewed by journalists: “Primarily we see three areas of hydrocarbon technology application: Getting more out of the existing fields, ‘sweating the current assets’; finding and exploiting new reserves in environmentally sensitive or very difficult areas, such as the arctic or very deep water zone; and a move to more unconventional sources of hydrocarbon, for example tar sands or oil shale.”
Technology integration,
maximize recovery value
How to employ the hydrocarbon technology to make effects in different areas? Maybe, the truth is the best answer. Mr. Durkin discussed some practical examples with the journalist.
Shell globally has a big push on what they call “Smart fields”. This is where Shell uses a proprietary digital program linked to down hole sensors and control valves (e.g: interval control valves and gas lift control valves) in complex stacked reservoirs to monitor and optimize the oil field production real time. To give a real example, the implementation of this technology will increase ultimate recovery by between 3 and 6% and has already reduced development costs by 1 to 1.5$ / bbl in the Champion West field in Brunei.
Mr. Durkin informed that where Shell can work to really help in China is in the whole process of integration that means the technology is designed into the full field development with a clear understanding of what is required and how every aspect of the development inter-connects to maximize value. He cited an example for the reporter that they are developing a very viscous oil field in the Middle East where current recovery is around 3%. Past attempts to develop the field have not really worked. Now through careful design of the steam injection process to effectively use the fractures to carry the steam, the field is being developed in an integrated approach which is expected to raise the recovery to 30%.
In the aspect of getting more out of existing fields, Shell has been able to work with old oil fields and to raise the level of recovery, through better downhole imaging and modeling to optimize well locations in Norway, or application of SMART Fields technology in Brunei, or water control in Oman. Each of these solutions requires Shell carefully executed and fully integrated with the development and understanding of the oil field being produced.
Changing to meet demand,
greet new challenge
Mr. Durkin talked about the hydrocarbon technology application all along. He said: “exploiting new reserves in environmentally sensitive or very difficult areas, the most obvious area of technology application is in deepwater where Shell remains the world leader. Here we are now moving into ultra deep waters.”
The environmentally sensitive and difficult areas of the Arctic are another frontier for Shell and its technology. Shell’s largest current offshore development is in Sakahlin Russia subject to iced sea conditions for half of the year and Shell is currently exploring in the Beufort Sea north of Alaska.
About the development and utilization of unconventional hydrocarbon, very tight gas fields such as Pinedale in the USA (onshore) require a full integration of technology appropriate to the field being developed and then a rigorous approach to optimize the chosen solution to reduce costs and maximize production. For example in Pinedale, Shell has carefully designed a fracturing technique for the wells based on modeling and use of infield sensors to optimize the fracture design to the measured sub-surface conditions. Further, techniques have been developed for multiple fracturing and completion at the different reservoir layers. Finally, the chosen technology has then been optimized reducing the well times by about 50% compared with the start.
Changing to meet demand, Mr. Durkin emphasized that Shell is an oil and gas company, a technology driven energy company who develops and applies technology in order to maximize recovery / value and minimize HSE risks and exposure.
Powerful technique support,
push the upstream development in China
Technology and equipment is not an end itself for Shell. A service company may own bits of technology which they will push and make money out of. The difference of Shell is that Shell adds value by understanding the full picture and providing an integrated technical solution that leverages technology most effectively for the partners and themselves in the development of the field.
Mr. Durkin emphasized that Shell distinguishes from a service company that does not mean Shell doesn’t own a great deal of technologies for example they have over 26,000 patents worldwide, 11,000 fully approved and 15,000 pending. And other technology applications are focused around safety, such as infra red detection and automated shut down systems, which are quite common elsewhere in the world but hardly seen in China.
“Sustainable development and operation ” is the key target for Shell. To provide reliable and clean energy for China in a safe, sustainable and commercial manner. “The more troubled the circumstances are, the more breakthroughs are needed!” It is under this principle that Shell has always strived for new innovations, providing their customers with energy explored and developed using the most advanced technologies. Even when the exploration challenge has got harder and harder, Shell has continuously broken through its own limits.